Parr Nos. 1 and 2 was known as the Havannah Colliery and Parr Nos. 4 and 5 as Southport Colliery. Both belonged to Richard Evans and Company. The records do not always show the colliery at which the incident took place.
Parr 1 and 2. Havannah.
Parr 4 and 5. Southport.
John Mackay advertised for longwall workers in his mines in Parr in 1768. (Owen Ashmore).
1894 Parr St. Helens Richard Evans and Co
No 1 manager James Seddon cert. no 2202 undermanager William Rigby cert. no 603 2nd class
218 underground 37 surface
No 2 manager E.P. Stewart cert. no 76 also a manger of Nos. 4 and 5 292 under 33 surface Nos. 4 and 5 Stewart manager 169 under 31 surface
9th. March 1867.
Coroner’s Inquest.
Held on the 11th at the Bulls Head Parr by Mr. Driffield on the body of John Whitfield collier of Parr. (St. Helens Newspaper and Advertiser)
5th. August 1868.
James Potter, aged 17 years, a drawer was drowned in the sump.
20th. October 1869.
John Chorley aged 44 years, a collier was killed falling out of the cage while ascending.
9th January 1871.
Peter Yates, aged 32 years, a sinker was killed by a fall of dirt from the sides.
3rd. May 1873.
William Prescott aged 13 years, a pony driver was killed by being run over by coal boxes.
10th. August 1877.
Richard Williams aged 23 years, a dataller, was killed by a fall of the roof.
4th. August 1877.
St. Helens Petty Sessions. Colliery Engine-driver Drunk.
William Scott, engine driver at Bromilow & Cons. colliery in Parr was charged with being drunk and disorderly and assaulting P.C. Burne in July. He pleaded not guilty and Thomas Green the manager and Thomas McClury said that they found him drunk at the engine at 11 p.m. on a Thursday night. the engine was winding water at the time. It was raised and lowered about a dozen times and it was clear that he was not fit to work but he went on in a muddled sort of way until at midnight the winding came to a stop. The clack of the water tank was found to be broken an the accused was asleep. The manager was called and a policeman was sent for. P.C. Burn arrived and got the prisoner to the highway where he kicked the officer severely. It took five men to get the prisoner in a horse and cart to the station. The chairman of the bench said this was a serious case and he was sentenced to three months in prison with hard labour. (Prescot Reporter)
18th. April 1881.
Under the heading ‘PROSECUTIONS’ in the Inspector’s Report it was stated that Benjamin Wilkins was charged with firing a shot before examining the place for gas. He did not answer the charge as he absconded. Thomas Westwell was fined 10/- with costs for neglecting to set sprags.
15th July 1881.
Robert Duckworth was charged with having loose powder in the mine and was fined 15/- with costs. 19th. November 1881 James Westwell and Thomas Cullen were charged with neglecting to set sprags and both fined 10/- plus costs. (Mines Inspectors Report)
13th. April 1882.
James Knowles, aged 32 years, a collier was killed by his own negligence by not setting sprags before holing the coal fully. He died on the 26th of June as a result of his injuries. (Mines Inspectors Report)
29th. July 1882.
Serious Accident at Parr.
Three men named Davis, Knowles and Naylor were seriously injured. The pit was topped owing to the strike and the three were repairing the brickwork of an air shaft standing on a scaffold when several bricks came out of the wall above them and knocked them off. They fell about fifteen yards to the bottom of the shaft. Davis is not expected to recover. (Prescot Reporter)
2nd. May 1882.
Henry Hancock aged 17 years, a labourer was killed on the railway when the Railway Company engine was shunting some wagons in the colliery sidings. The locomotive went up to some stationary wagons without giving the proper warning to the people on the screens. Henry was between the wagons and was caught between the buffers and killed.
15th. January 1885.
William Hilton aged 22 years, a collier was killed by a heavy fall at the face on the advancing slip. There were several props under the part that fell but the weight loosened the props and the slip overcame them. The place was generally well timbered.
11th. April 1888.
Joseph Lawrenson aged 19 years, a drawer was killed when a stone fell from the roof as he was going down the drawing road which was apparently safe.
21st. January 1889.
Patrick Wynn aged 40 years, a collier at Havannah Colliery, was getting down some top coal after pulling out some props and went under to get some loose coal when the tops came loose and fell on him and crushed him to death.
4th. June 1890. James Lawrenson aged 34 years a collier at the Havannah Colliery was killed in at 11 a.m. in the 6th. hour of the shift when he was holing and the coal fell over a sprag on him.
28th. August 1890.
John Bradbury aged 27 years a collier at the Havannah Colliery was killed at 3.20 p.m. in the 10th hour of the shift. He was going up the engine plane to the pit bottom and did not step into a refuge place until the gang had passed and reached the top following it when one of the couplings broke and the last two tubs was forced back over the drag. He was crushed between a tub and the side.
19th. December 1896. William G. Foster aged 38 years, a collier was travelling down the endless rope haulage way which was rather steep, on his way to work when a tub ran down due to a chain getting loose. The tub struck him before he could get into a refuge place. It was suggested that the haulage should be stopped when men were passing and not be started until they had passed the brow.
8th. January 1898.
David Parry aged 24 years, a contractor was killed at 1.30 p.m. on the 8th. hour of the shift. He was in a drawing tunnel through the goaf when part of the higher side gave way to a slip that had not previously been detected and fell crushing him.
4th. March 1898.
Mysterious Death Of A Collier
The Newton and Earlestown Guardian reported, at Southport Pit. Mr. Brighouse, the Coroner, held the inquest at the Engine Inn, Newton Road. Parr on the body of William Beddowes a collier aged 31 years of 162, Newton Road. Mr. H.L. Riley appeared for the relatives and Messrs. John Robinson for Richard Evans and Company. Sarah Beddowes, the widow of the deceased said that he left home for work on Tuesday morning at 6 a.m. and was brought back at 10 a.m. He was attended by Dr. Richards assistant to Dr. Haywood of Haydock and he died at 11.30. He did not say anything but he wanted to vomit and could not. He thought that he had been gassed. There was evidence that Beddowes was a former boxer. His drawer John Clarke. he said that he called him and there was no answer and when he went to find him he was lying face downwards and when they picked him up his head dropped. He shouted to James Standish, another collier, who was about 14 yards away. Standish came and the deceased came to. He did not speak but only tried to vomit. They go him out if the pit as quickly as possible. John Clarke said that he had worked with him for about 5 months. Dr Haywood did a postmortum at the families home on Tuesday afternoon and was assisted by Dr. John Richards. Dr. O’Keif was present on behalf of the relatives and Dr. Casey was also present. They found a rupture of the heart caused by degeneration. Mr. John Robinson, the manager of the colliery, said that he had several witnesses and they would say that there was no gas in the place where Beddowes worked. James Standish of Broad Oak Road, a collier and Peter James of Haydock, as did the underlooker at the colliery gave evidence that there was no gas. Dr O’Keif was placed in the jury box and said that in his opinion he did die from natural causes. There was a rupture of the right side of the heart which was caused by being gorged with blood which could be accounted for by asphyxia and suffocation. The jury consider it’s verdict and returned ‘that the deceased died from rupture of the heart brought about by suffocation but how the suffocation was made there is no evidence to show’. (Newton & Earlestown Guardian)
11th. November 1898.
Foolish Conduct Of Collier.
Henry Standish, a collier of Blackbrook Road, Haydock, was charged at St. Helens with failing to secure the roof of his working place in the colliery. Mr. J.L. Swift said that Evans and Company had been told to summon Standish although he was a good workman and a decent man. About midday on the day of the offence, one of the officials, James Lowe, the firemen, and another named Conce visited Standish’s place and found him working under 6 feet of roof that was entirely unsupported. The place was nearly 12 feet wide and the accused admitted that he refused to set a prop. He told the officials that he would set it if they went out of the place. Lowe refused to go until it was done. It was said to be a piece of awkwardness and he was fined 10/- including costs or seven days in jail. (Newton & Earlestown Guardian)
11th. November 1898.
Colliery Accident At Haydock.
George Brownlow, aged 16 years, who lived with his parents at 313, Clipsley Lane was admitted to Haydock Cottage Hospital with both arms badly broken. He was employed at the Southport Pit and was unhooking a wagon when the cage stared up the shaft and his arms were jammed against the woodwork before he could get clear.
10th. April 1902.
Michael Cox, aged 21 years, a contractors man got out of the cage in the Six Foot mouthing at Southport Pit and went under a fence which was about six feet high, probably thinking that the cage was there. It was not and he fell 256 yards down the pit to his death. There was a bypass at the side of the shaft for persons to pass to the other side. Mr. Brighouse held the inquest into the death and it was stated he lived at the Pack Inn, Pocket Nook, St. Helens. The accident happened on Thursday. Lawrence, who was his brother and a daywageman at the colliery gave evidence of identification and said that his brother had worked there only two weeks. John Clark of 228, Florida Cottages, Haydock was the hooker-on at the No.5 shaft at the pit. In the afternoon three men came down in the top deck of the cage and the cage rested on some baulks of timber across the shaft and was on a level of the landing. Before the cage came, he had to slide a bar away from the mouthing at a height of 4 feet 1 inch. They could not get into the cage without stooping under the fence. The men got out of the cage and under the fence and he examined their lamps. Dominic Rowan and a man named Duffey went on the east side and the deceased should have gone to the west side along a passage round the shaft. Clark signalled the cage to go up and just after, a mate shouted ‘Stop him’ but before he could do anything the deceased had disappeared between the timber in the shaft. The Coroner asked about the fence being in position and to go to the shaft he would have had to walk under a 4-foot fence. Mr. Robinson, the manager of the colliery said that the fence was supposed to protect everything. and the idea of a lower bar was to give additional security. John Hobert, of 164, Church Road, Haydock said he was the hooker-on on the west side of the shaft and he shouted as he saw the man step into the shaft but it was too late. A verdict of ‘Accidental Death’ was returned and the Coroner said that the Company had done all they could to protect the workmen. (Newton & Earlestown Guardian)
26th. May 1899.
Colliery Shaft Flooded At Haydock.
A disaster took place in Haydock on Wednesday resulting in the flooding of part of a colliery. The St. Helens Canal and the Sankey Brook are close to the Southport Pit and about 8 p.m. on Wednesday, the Sankey Brook burst its banks after some very heavy rain close to an old disused pit shaft and water poured into the lower workings. Fortunately, there were no casualties. The Brook is composed mostly of chemical drainage. An alarm was immediately given and Mr. Robinson, the general manager, was quickly on the scene. He found that the water was going down an old disused shaft the presence of which was not generally known. The colliers took energetic measures to cope with the situation by building a dam to stop the water from coming down the shaft. Everyone down the mine was brought out about 2-300 colliers. A large number of persons visited the scene on Thursday but the Brook was back to its normal level. Some say the burst was discovered by the night shift men going to work and others say that it was found some water was getting into the workings of the Southport Pit. The disused shaft is thought to be 300 feet deep and the water had done no damage to the working pit. (Newton & Earlestown Guardian)
19th. September 1900.
James Cartwright aged 25 years, a dataller was killed while assisting to remove a large fall in the haulage brow of the Southport Colliery, a small sharp stone struck him on the head after falling 16 sixteen feet from between the bars. He died the following day. Mr. Brighouse held the inquest into the death of James Cartwright of 14, Burtonwood Cottages, Burtonwood who died at the Cottage Hospital from injuries received at the pit on Wednesday morning. James Cannes of Park Street, Haydock said a fall had occurred during Tuesday night in the main haulage road and they got on with repairing the place on Wednesday morning. They took down the places that were overhanging down with a pick. They had removed about 30 boxes of dirt. It was not possible to put up bars because the props had been knocked down. The men had begun to timber the place after the first fall. A man named Gaskell, of Elder Street, Peasley Cross, said that he was working with the deceased and had examined the roof as best they could but they could not get to the top of the opening which was 16 feet high. When Cartwright was breaking a stone with a hammer and a stone fell which struck him on the temple he staggered forward and fell. A verdict of ‘Accidental Death’ was returned.
23rd. November 1900.
Haydock Pit Lad Killed.
William Brown, aged 15 years, a lasher-on, was killed at Southport Pit. He lived at 32, Blackbrook Road, Haydock and he had been at the job for only three months. He was working 18 yards from the pit bottom in the Little Delf Mine with James Hazelden another boy who was stationed at the bottom. During Monday afternoon, Hazelden saw Brown bringing a box up the brow and when he got to the bottom Brown became entangled in the haulage rope. Hazelden gave the signal to stop the rope but before this was done the wagon was dragged across the rails and a prop was knocked and the fall killed him on the spot. The inquest was held at the Engine Inn Parr. Mr. Robinson, the general manager appeared for the firm and the miners’ agent also attended. A verdict of ‘Accidental Death’ was returned by the jury. (Newton & Earlestown Guardian)
17th. January 1901.
George Harrison aged 41 years, a collier was killed while helping the shotlighter to charge a hole when a piece of coal came away from a break capping one of the sprags and fatally crushing him. He died on the 21st. (Mines Inspectors Report)
13th. September 1901.
Colliery Prosecution At St. Helens. Two haulage hands, Thomas Briscoe of Providence Street and Charles Dowden of 1, Bramwell Street, employed by Richard Evans & Company at Parr were charged with a breach of the Coal Mines Regulation Act. Mr. Peace, the prosecuting solicitor, said the charges arose out of the same set of circumstances and the rules that they had broken were specifically designed to protect the lives of the worked at the colliery. They had to take charge of a brow which was very steep 1 in 5 and if the wagons got off the landing, they would not stop. On the day in question a gob fire was discovered and the manager, Harold Stevenson was stripped to the waist working at the fire. At 3.20 the men were found at the cage ready to go up. The men working at the fire wanted water and other services and these were the only men that could supply these and they had wilfully left their work. The other men went on working all night. It was argued that it was a matter of argument whether the men should stay or not and they were entitled to leave at the normal time. After a hearing lasting several hours, the bench dismissed two of the charges and fined the men 5/- plus costs for disobeying the order to leave the cage. (Newton & Earlestown Guardian)
22nd. November 1901.
William Turner aged 41 years, a dataller was working at the Havannah Colliery, taking a tub of dirt upbrow and a person had hold of the tub on the upper side. There were two scotches set in the wheels and a sprag at the front. He took the sprag out and got in front of the tub for some distance until it ran against the side. He was asked to come in front of the tub but he appears not to have done so and when it was clear it got away and ran over his leg. The Inspector commented that this was a breach of the special rules. Parr No.2.
11th. July 1902.
Mathias Greenalgh aged 19 years drawer was taking an empty tub off the motion landing when a chain broke attached to the endless rope just above where he was and two full tubs ran back crushing him. Died 13th. (Mines Inspectors Report)
1st. October 1902.
Parr No.4. William Harrison aged 23 years, haulage hand was knocked down by some tubs in the endless rope haulage down brow on a landing owing to his brother making a mistake with the clutches in connection with the haulage arrangements at the top of the down brow. Died 13th February. (Mines Inspectors Report)
6th. May 1904.
Shocking Fatality At Haydock. Patrick Holmes aged 23 years, a taker off was killed when he was at the bottom of the jig when they appear to have signalled the jigger to start but the full tubs were jigged without taking the empties up and the full tubs crushed the deceased. At the inquest held at the Wagon and Horses Hotel by Mr. S. Brighouse, Coroner, on Patrick Holmes, Mr. Robinson, the manager, was on behalf of the Company. The deceased was a taker-off working with a boy named John Roberts aged 16 years who was at work for the first day. Six or seven journeys of boxes had been taken and Roberts brought in four empty boxes and the deceased five full boxes. Roberts tied then together or said he did. When he had put the jigger ropes on the first boxes the deceased asked if it was all right and the signal was given to take then up the brow. The four empties were not attached and rolled down and crushed him. The jury returned a verdict of ‘Accidental Death’. (Mines Inspectors Report)
26th. May 1906.
Parr No.4. William Gorman aged 64 years dataller was engaged in packing when a stone fell from the roof from between the props injuring him. He died the following day after undergoing an operation. (Mines Inspectors Report)
25th. January 1906.
Parr No.4. Richard Moss aged 30 years, collier brought his full tub to the landing in the haulage brow when a large fall of rock occurred knocking out several large bars and killing him. Owing to the great weight it fell. They were unable to recover the body until the following day. It was found that the roof gave way from a slip running down the side of the brow. (Mines Inspectors Report)
1st. May 1906.
Parr No.2. Peter Ashcroft aged 27 years collier was engaged in wedging down the top coal more came than was expected coming away from a narrow slip running with the face. He died on the 14th. (Mines Inspectors Report)
15th. January 1907.
Joseph Pimblett aged 18 years labourer, was pushing a wagon against the buffers and he was crushed by two wagons following behind. (Mines Inspectors Report)
18th. June 1907.
Parr No.5. Thomas Clarke aged 18 years, haulage hand was getting out of the cage in a hurry and appears to have slipped under the frame two feet nine inches high and fallen 250 yards down the shaft and was killed. (Mines Inspectors Report)
31st. July 1907.
Parr No.4. Thomas Turner aged 30 years, collier was at the face when a fall of rock occurred capping two props. The fall came from between two slips. (MIR). Parr No. 5. 7th. September 1907. James Holland aged 55 years, dataller was building a chock near the face when a stone fell from the kench upon him. (Mines Inspectors Report)
19th. November 1908.
Parr No.2. James Wolstenholme aged 52 years, dataller was at the junction of three roads the timbers had been knocked out by a runaway tub and when they had nearly completed the new timbering a fall of roof occurred at the side killing him. (Mines Inspectors Report)
11th. February 1909.
Parr No.4. William Davies aged 18 years, hooker-on was standing on a landing in the haulage downbrow the rope jerked against his leg causing him to fall and injure his knee. Died from the effects of an operation 19th. (Mines Inspectors Report)
11th. November 1909.
Parr No.5. James Moscrop aged 53 years, haulage hand was killed as some empty tubs ran down the incline through somehow getting loose and he was crushed to death. (Mines Inspectors Report)
12th. July 1909.
Parr No.1. John Leigh aged 54 years collier was travelling down the haulage brow he appears to have been run over in the haulage gin in a narrow portion of the roadway. The manholes were ten feet apart. (Mines Inspectors Report)
9th. November 1910.
Parr No.2. James White aged 19 years, haulage hand was taking out dirt from the side of the brow and he appears to have knocked out a prop when a portion of rock fell on him. Died 14th. (Mines Inspectors Report)
5th. October 1910.
Parr No.4. Robert Burrows aged 37 years, collier was shovelling coal a fall occurred at the face from an unseen slip capping two props set two to three feet from the face. (Mines Inspectors Report)
From The Miners Federation.
THREE BIG STRIKES IN COAL INDUSTRY.
By Thomas Ashton.
INJUNCTION CASE.
PARR v. MINERS FEDERATION 1911.
At a meeting of the committee on 3rd December, the secretary explained that he had been served with a writ the day previous to attend the Chancery Court in London when called upon and produce certain books.
The list of books to be presented in Court:
books of the Lancashire and Cheshire Miners Federation showing
1) the amounts received by them from the Havannah and Southport Branch of the Miners for Parr in the half-year ending 31st December 1909 for parliamentary and special Fund.
2) Also showing the amounts since received from the Havannah and Southport Branch of the Miners for Parr for the same purpose.
3). Also showing the payments by the Lancashire and Cheshire Miners Federation to the parliamentary Labour Fund and the Miners Federation of Great Britain for the half year ending 31st December 1909.
4), Also showing the payments for the same purpose since that date.
Books of the Miners Federation showing:
1) The amount received by them from the Lancashire and Cheshire Miners Federation for the half-year ending 31st December 1909 as a contribution to a parliamentary Fund under a parliamentary scheme of the said defendant’s ad of the labour Party for Parliamentary purposes.
2) Also showing since that date the receipts for the same purpose.
3) also showing the payments made by them in 1909 to the Labour Party for Affiliation fees and Parliamentary Fund.
4) also showing 1909 the payments of £350 for each of the eighteen members of Parliament; and £1,362-2s.-4d. for the expenses of a candidate at a by-election at West Derby paid by the said Miners Federation to the Labour Party.
It was resolved that:
“That the report be accepted and that Mr Harvey be appointed with Mr Ashton to watch the case”.
The case was heard on 28th and 29th January 1913 in the High Court of Justice Chancery Division before Mr Justice Neville. Judgement was given on 29th January. the following is a copy of the last paragraph:
“It seems to me therefore that I must give relief that is asked for, and I must grant the injunction against further misapplication of the funds of the various Associations; and I must grant an injunction restraining the Havannah Branch from insisting upon the resolution repelling the Plaintiff, Mr Parr; and I think also that I ought to preface my judgement with the declaration asked for that is; that Rile 2 Sub-rule 8 in the Miners Federation of Great Britain Riles and Rule 30 (B) in the Lancashire and Cheshire miners Federation are ultra vires rules”
The Federation in conjunction with the Labour Party decided to introduce a Bill in the House of Commons to make it legal for the funds of a trades union to be used for political purposes.
The government introduced a Bill and after passing a second reading it was referred to the Grand Committee. Which eventually went through and was legal for the Federation to use funds for political purpose.
9th. February 1911.
Henry Gaffney aged 51 years, labourer was standing behind some wagons in a spare siding unknown to the brakeman some more wagons were run in and he was knocked down and killed when the stationary wagons were set in motion. (Mines Inspectors Report)
27th. November 1911.
Parr No.4. William McLoughin aged 21 years, contractors man was coming up the haulage brow 1000 yards in length after finishing his work when the motion was reversed through the band rope falling off the pulley and getting jammed by a full tub he got fatally injured. The haulage was done by endless rope and notices were posted in the brow prohibiting workers to travel when the rope was in motion. (Mines Inspectors Report)
5th. November 1912.
Parr No.1. John Eardley aged 49 years, dataller had made a road three feet wide through a level on the side of the pack and was widening the opening when the roof which the pack had been supporting fell suddenly. He had been allowed to exercise his own discretion and had not set sufficient timber. (Mines Inspectors Report)
??-??-1914.
At the No.2 pit shotfiring was taking place and some men did not take proper shelter 16 yards away and sharp stones struck them. (Mines Inspectors Report)
25th. May 1914
Parr No 2. Thomas O’Neill aged 35 years dataller was retimbering the roadway when a large fall when putting in timber a large stone fell from the side and struck him on the head. The fireman had tested the place and examined the side and thought it safe. It is thought that the fall was due to water. (Mines Inspectors Report)
23rd. April, 1914.
Parr No 2. John Heyes shotlighter he fired a shot in the top coal of the Wigan Nine Feet and did not take sufficient shelter and was truck in the neck by a piece of flying debris. It severed an artery and he died a few minutes later. (Mines Inspectors Report)
9th. January 1923.
Parr No 1. William Middlehurst aged 15 years was assisting his mate in setting some props in order to replace some broken bars in the haulage and the prop that was being driven up was rather slack and a sill piece was being driven in at the bottom to try to tighten it. and while doing the this the piece of stone about two feet six inches by two feet eleven inches fell and caught him on the head. (Mines Inspectors Report)
12th June 1923
Parr No 2. William Harrison while in the act of sweeping up and dusting the roadway he was killed by a tub. An empty set was being lowered down a 1 in 4 brow when the tub became uncoupled and ran in front 120 yards and caught the deceased close to the entrance to a refuge hole. The deceased said he lost his head when he heard the runaway tub and he would have been all right if he had stayed where he was. (Mines Inspectors Report)
25th. June 1923.
Parr No 2. Robert Heyes he was in an empty road and reaching a point where he passed a haulage engine and had to pass to stationary empties when they were hit by a full tub running at a slow speed and he was slightly deaf and did not hear it. There was room to pass on either side of the tub and there was a full height but he was crushed between them. (Mines Inspectors Report)
22nd October 1923.
Parr No 4. James Leigh daywageman was killed by a runaway tub on the. The deceased and the fireman and others were engaged in clearing away a large fall and two full tubs were being taken put while tow full tubs were being attached to the rope and went a few yards upbrow with the intention of attaching empty tubs. The first empty tub left the rails and with the ascending full tubs caused the lashing chain to break. It was good chain and a clean break. The deceased could have stood in front of a refuge hole when he was about to signal for the rope before the attachment of the tubs. (Mines Inspectors Report)
16th. January 1936.
It was reported in the Inspectors Report that at the No.5, Southport Pit, there was an inrush of water from old workings which had been close in 1869. An inspection on the 17th. January indicated that 300 gallons of water per minute were coming in and there was also firedamp in the mine so it was decided to abandon the pit in August 1936. (Mines Inspectors Report)
{date unknown}
Thomas Taylor aged 24 years, a dataller was killed while assisting repairing the main level they had taken some bars from under the roof and were clearing the dirt to make room for new bars when a stone fell from the roof which had no supports at the point where the bars had been taken. (Mines Inspectors Report)
Information supplied by Ian Winstanley and the Coal Mining History Resource Centre.
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